#Linux

 #Linux is an operating system for computers, the programme(s) that make them effective. It connects the screen, keyboard mouse, storage and network, making them into a useful whole. It is an amateur system but the real kind of amateur, the sort do it for free but #The New York Times tells that it really has arrived; it is a serious system rivalling Microsoft. Given that it runs major systems like the London Stock Exchange 24/7 and 24/365 it is dependable.

Here is my guide on how to get it up and running using a thumb drive.

DOWNLOAD LINUX

  1. Download #Ubuntu from https://www.ubuntu.com/ - it is popular and  recommended.
  2. Go to Pen Drive Linux  - https://www.pendrivelinux.com/ & download Universal USB Installer Easy As 1-2-3 https://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/.
 

INSTALL LINUX

  1. Run Universal USB Installer Easy As 1-2-3 You will be asked which distribution [ distro for short ] you want. Click on Ubuntu
  2. Tell it where Ubuntu is. The download folder is likely. The filename will be ubuntu-16.04.01-desktop-amd64.iso
  3.  Then give it the drive letter for the thumb drive - typically F: Then the installer will proceed to do what it takes over the next few minutes. It is important to nominate the right drive because it will be formatted, destroying all previous data.

 

RUN LINUX

  1. First access the #BIOS, the Basic Input Output System. This means pressing a function key at start up, F9 for HP Laptops. If there is a problem go to a forum; find it searching for e.g. Windows 10 Forum and ask how.
  2. You should them get the screen that is the #Ubuntu start page.

There are options on the way; install it as a temporary programme on a thumb drive or permanently on a hard drive is the major one.

 

CREATE A BOOTABLE LINUX USB DRIVE

http://rufus.akeo.ie/

http://rufus.akeo.ie/

 

 

 

 

 

Linux is the operating system for computers that makes it into something useful. It connects the hardware to the programmes that play games, do accounts or whatever. It was started by Linus Torvalds, a Finn who wanted Unix but could not afford that kind of money. He collaborated with a lot of other programmers to get something they liked.

It comes in different dialects or perhaps flavours is a better word and the flavour of choice for mere mortals is #Ubuntu. One satisfying thing about Ubuntu is the price. It is a lot less than Windows in fact it is 100% less than Windows. At $0.00 per copy the price has to be as good as it gets short of paying people to take it away.
PS Linux is on its way to being THE operating system but the security has not been a major priority. One reason is that Linus Torvalds is not very worried about it - see The kernel of the argument over Linux’s vulnerabilities for more and better details. 

 

 

 

 

 

Linux is the operating system for computers that makes it into something useful. It connects the hardware to the programmes that play games, do accounts or whatever. It was started by Linus Torvalds, a Finn who wanted Unix but could not afford that kind of money. He collaborated with a lot of other programmers to get something they liked.

It comes in different dialects or perhaps flavours is a better word and the flavour of choice for mere mortals is Ubuntu. One satisfying thing about Ubuntu is the price. It is a lot less than Windows in fact it is 100% less than Windows. At $0.00 per copy the price has to be as good as it gets short of paying people to take it away.
PS Linux is on its way to being THE operating system but the security is a weakness. A major reason is that Linus Torvalds does not really care - see The kernel of the argument over Linux’s vulnerabilities for more and better details. 

 

 

Ubuntu and Its Leader Set Sights on the Mainstream
Now it has been written up by The New York Times - see so it has really arrived. The Times tells us that:-
QUOTE
Microsoft had an estimated 10,000 people working on Vista, its newest desktop operating system, for five years. The result of this multibillion-dollar investment has been a product late to market and widely panned.

Canonical, meanwhile, releases a fresh version of Ubuntu every six months, adding features that capitalize on the latest advances from developers and component makers like Intel. The company’s model centers on outpacing Microsoft on both price and features aimed at new markets.

“"It feels pretty clear to me that the open process produces better stuff,” Mr. Shuttleworth said. Such talk from a man willing to finance software for the masses — and by the masses — inspires those who see open source as more of a cause than a business model. 
UNQUOTE
Not a bad endorsement. Gates is widely loathed by men who understand his offerings; shoddy goods, grossly over priced and an abuse of monopoly power. Yes Vista is vile. A write up from Peter Gutmann who is seriously in the business tells us that it might be the longest suicide note in history
PS Vista is on the skids. Microsoft are selling Windows 7 on the basis that it can be like XP.
PPS You can now buy laptops with XP and Linux so you can ease your way into the operating system of the future.
PPPS Gates is down to his last $50 billion or so.

 

Linux ex Wiki
Linux
(pronounced Listeni/ˈlɪnəks/ LIN-əks[9][10] or, less frequently, /ˈlnəks/ LYN-əks[10][11]) is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel,[12] an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds.[13][14][15] The Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy.[16][17]

Linux was originally developed for personal computers based on the Intel x86 architecture, but has since been ported to more platforms than any other operating system.[18] Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all general-purpose operating systems.[19] Linux is also the leading operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers, and is used on 99.6% of the TOP500 supercomputers.[20][21] It is used by around 2.3% of desktop computers.[22][23] The Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US.[24] Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is typically built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions,[25][26] video game consoles and smartwatches.  

Many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives.[28]

The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open-source software collaboration. The underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed—​​commercially or non-commercially—​​by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a form known as a Linux distribution ( (or distro for short) for both desktop and server use. Some of the most popular mainstream Linux distributions[29][30][31] are Arch Linux, CentOS, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo Linux, Linux Mint, Mageia, openSUSE and Ubuntu, together with commercial distributions such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux and SUSE Linux Enterprise Server. Distributions include the Linux kernel, supporting utilities and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project, and usually a large amount of application software to fulfill the distribution's intended use.

Desktop Linux distributions include a windowing system, such as X11, Mir or a Wayland implementation, and an accompanying desktop environment such as GNOME or the KDE Software Compilation; some distributions may also include a less resource-intensive desktop, such as LXDE or Xfce. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, and instead include other software to set up and operate a solution stack such as LAMP. Because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use.

 

Ubuntu ex Wiki
Ubuntu
(/ʊˈbntʊ/ uu-BOON-tuu, stylized as ubuntu)[11] is a Debian-based Linux operating system for personal computers, tablets and smartphones, where Ubuntu Touch edition is used; and also runs network servers, usually with the Ubuntu Server edition, either on physical or virtual servers (such as on mainframes) and/or with containers, that is with enterprise-class features; runs on the most popular architectures, including server-class ARM-based.

Ubuntu is published by Canonical Ltd, who offer commercial support.[12] It is based on free software and named after the Southern African philosophy of ubuntu (literally, 'human-ness'), which Canonical Ltd. suggests can be loosely translated as "humanity to others" or "I am what I am because of who we all are".[13] It uses Unity as its default user interface for the desktop.

Ubuntu is the most popular operating system running in hosted environments, so–called "clouds",[14] as it is the most popular server Linux distribution.

Development of Ubuntu is led by UK-based Canonical Ltd., a company of South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth. Canonical generates revenue through the sale of technical support and other services related to Ubuntu.[15][16] The Ubuntu project is publicly committed to the principles of open-source software development; people are encouraged to use free software, study how it works, improve upon it, and distribute it.[17][18]

 

BIOS ex Wiki
The BIOS (/ˈb.ɒs/, an acronym for Basic Input/Output System and also known as the System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS) is a type of firmware used to perform hardware initialization during the booting process (power-on startup) on IBM PC compatible computers, and to provide runtime services for operating systems and programs.[1] The BIOS firmware is built into personal computers (PCs), and it is the first software they run when powered on. The name itself originates from the Basic Input/Output System used in the CP/M operating system in 1975.[2][3] Originally proprietary to the IBM PC, the BIOS has been reverse engineered by companies looking to create compatible systems and the interface of that original system serves as a de facto standard.

The fundamental purposes of the BIOS in modern PCs are to initialize and test the system hardware components, and to load a boot loader or an operating system from a mass memory device. The BIOS additionally provides an abstraction layer for the hardware, i.e., a consistent way for application programs and operating systems to interact with the keyboard, display, and other input/output (I/O) devices. Variations in the system hardware are hidden by the BIOS from programs that use BIOS services instead of directly accessing the hardware. MS-DOS (PC DOS), which was the dominant PC operating system from the early 1980s until the mid-1990s, relied on BIOS services for disk, keyboard, and text display functions. MS Windows NT, Linux, and other protected mode operating systems in general ignore the abstraction layer provided by the BIOS and do not use it after loading, instead accessing the hardware components directly.

Most BIOS implementations are specifically designed to work with a particular computer or motherboard model, by interfacing with various devices that make up the complementary system chipset. Originally, BIOS firmware was stored in a ROM chip on the PC motherboard; in modern computer systems, the BIOS contents are stored on flash memory so it can be rewritten without removing the chip from the motherboard. This allows easy updates to the BIOS firmware so new features can be added or bugs can be fixed, but it also creates a possibility for the computer to become infected with BIOS rootkits.

Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) was designed as a successor to BIOS, aiming to address its technical shortcomings.[4] As of 2014, new PC hardware predominantly ships with UEFI firmware.

 

Errors & omissions, broken links, cock ups, over-emphasis, malice [ real or imaginary ] or whatever; if you find any I am open to comment.
   
Email me at Mike Emery. All financial contributions are cheerfully accepted. If you want to keep it private, use my PGP KeyHome Page

Updated on 14/02/2017 22:28